Addressing the New Era of Deterrence and Warfare: Visualizing the Information Domain

Blog Co-Authors:  Kim Kagan, founder and president of the Institute for the Study of War; Fred Kagan, senior fellow and director of the Critical Threats Project at American Enterprise Institute; Brian Babcock-Lumish, director of the General David H. Petraeus Center for Emerging Leaders at the Institute for the Study of War.

These expert roundtable discussions are convening global leaders from the military, government, academia, and technology sectors to consider conceptually what it means to visualize the information domain.

The overarching objective of the series addresses these core questions:

• How do information operations impact governments and stakeholders in the current era?
• What challenges and opportunities do information operations pose to swift and effective decision-making? What interactions do they have with other domains?
• How can emerging technologies provide pathways for faster and more reliable development of a common operating picture and common understanding in order to enable effective decision-making?
• How should governments and stakeholders combat misinformation as a tool of modern conflict?
• How can information operations best be visualized alongside other domains?

Key to the discussions on this issue at the first roundtable, held in Washington DC in May, were two definitions proposed in advance:

• The information domain is the sum of the wills of each actor, where the will is the composite of convictions, perceptions, and influences that drive toward action.
• Information operations are deliberate campaigns to influence others’ wills in which the means of influence is not (primarily) the use or threat of violence, but rather non-violent, non-kinetic methods aimed at shaping others’ perceptions, motivations, and convictions.

In the DC session, the group reached broad (though not universal) consensus on several fundamental premises. First, information constitutes a sixth domain of warfare alongside the five traditional domains: air, sea, land, space, and cyber.  At the same time, the group recognized the institutional challenges inherent in adding a new domain of warfare as well as the counter-arguments against the idea.  Robust discussion of this point concluded that the question of whether information is a domain of warfare need not be settled to pursue the challenge of visualizing information operations.  In the end, however, the balance of the group agreed that assessing information as a domain of warfare was analytically and conceptually helpful.

Second, the information and cyber domains overlap but are not co-extensive.  Discussion on this question centered on the recognition that while most (but not all) information now flows through the cyber domain, operations primarily aimed at affecting computers and networks differ from those oriented on shaping human perceptions.  The group saw the latter as “information operations” warranting further discussions, and distinct from cyber operations per se.

Third, the “information space” could be defined too broadly, to include cyber activities on the one hand, or all activities aimed at shaping the perceptions of a target audience on the other.  The group did not converge on a precise set of boundaries for the definition, but did identify the requirement to do so.

Roundtable participants reached several tentative conclusions:

• The U.S. government faces inherent constraints given the legal prohibition of conducting information operations on its own population.
• Conceiving of information as a sixth domain will likely present a challenge for U.S. strategy and policy.
• Potential adversaries such as Russia and China have more fully integrated information operations into their campaigns  .

The next section of the DC discussion opened the topic of visualization with the question, In trying to visualize the information domain, what, exactly, are we trying to visualize? Three postulates framed the conversation:

• Postulate 1: The information domain is characterized by a high “noise-to-signal” ratio.
• Postulate 2: Some “noise” actually results from the interaction of overlapping information operations.
• Postulate 3: The combination of the noise and the signal affects the target audience.

The group generally agreed with these three postulates. The goal is to visualize key information points (the signal(s)) within an environment of massive amounts of less relevant information (the noise). However, policy makers often take a cautious approach, requiring a full political-military analysis before proceeding to act in the information operations space. In contrast, the Russians have demonstrated the capacity to pursue multiple goals simultaneously, even when this might result in information operations confusion. An acceptable outcome for the Russians is a Western public that concludes, “Well, who really knows?” The signal becomes drowned in the noise of a deliberate misinformation campaign.

The roundtable proceeded to address several guiding questions:

• What is the best unit of analysis for understanding information operations?
• What would constitute inflection points and/or centers of gravity in information operations? How do we identify, assess, and visualize them?
• Are mass and momentum relevant in the information domain?
• How do you know if you are winning or losing in the information domain? How could decision-makers see if they’re winning or losing?

These framing questions led to a robust dialogue on the challenges of conceptualizing and implementing information operations in the information domain. The group concluded that the U.S. government cannot keep pace with the implications of emerging technologies alone, necessitating an unprecedented public-private partnership.

On the topic of the unit of analysis, borrowing from the experience of other domains is instructive. Most analysis in traditional domains ties to geospatial terrain, but visualizing the information domain requires an overlay of non-geospatial and non-temporal conceptual spaces. This may involve many interlocking visualizations.

The group considered several examples of information visualizations, focusing on the one depicted below -- in which the grey box represents the sociocultural backdrop that could be distorted by the info operations, much like a carnival mirror. Identifying and quantifying measure of influence and effort is the challenge. The x axis shows the progression of supporting and opposing efforts (such as a narrative taking hold in the minds of an adversary’s population) toward the objective. Events endogenously occurring within the space (“gravity” events, such as an event beyond the control of either side to which both sides must respond) shift the lines of effort. Visualizing the flow of efforts and how information operations link to other domains can assist decisionmakers in planning for and executing actions across the information domain.

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The input from the participants in this first roundtable will feed into the successive events, each of which will also consider Russian, Chinese, and other relevant cases in turn. The ultimate objective is to inform policymakers’ decisionmaking given the context of 21^st century technologies through visualizing the information domain.